提高小麦X玉米杂交产生单倍体胚的频率

Laurie和Bennett（1986）用普通小麦与玉米杂交，并进行幼胚培养，获得了小麦单倍体植株。但要真正用于育种实践，必须首先获得较高并且相对稳定的得胚率。目前报道的单倍体胚诱导频率差异较大，最高的已达48．6％，最低的不足10％（顾坚等，2005）。本实验通过在2，4-D中加入不同体积浓度的二甲基亚砜，研究其对得胚率的影响。     

三峡库区某滑坡稳定性分析及工程治理

在研究了三峡库区某滑坡的工程地质条件及滑坡体特征的基础上,分析了该滑坡成因机制和失稳因素。考虑到未来三峡蓄水位的变化,结合不同工况对该滑坡进行了稳定性计算,针对计算结果,提出并设计了采用抗滑桩支挡与监测工程相结合的综合工程治理方案。     

ESP值和黏粒含量对土壤表面封闭作用的影响

降雨导致土壤表面结皮形成封闭是自然现象，它能降低土壤入渗，增加土表径流，导致土壤侵蚀。该文系统地研究了不同性质土壤表面的封闭作用过程，分别确定封闭过程中的物理机械作用和化学作用。试验采用了具有不同土壤交换性钠百分率(ESP)值(2、5、10、20)和黏粒含量(10％、20％、40％、60％)的4种土壤进行降雨模拟试验，通过土壤表面播撒磷石膏(PG)(2000 kg/hm²)和PG与聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)(PG 2000 kg/hm²+PAM 20 kg/hm²)混合物的处理，分别抑制了土壤的化学封闭和物理封闭，论述了ESP值和黏粒含量对土壤化学封闭和物理封闭作用的影响，结果表明：在高ESP值土壤中，化学封闭作用占土壤封闭的主导作用；低ESP值土壤中，土壤的物理封闭作用增大。当黏粒含量较低时，土壤物理封闭作用较低；当黏粒含量较大时，土壤物理封闭作用显著增大。     

聚丙烯酰胺增加土壤降雨入渗减少侵蚀的模拟试验研究Ⅱ.侵蚀

土壤侵蚀和雨水的流失是干旱、半干旱地区制约农业发展乃至生态环境良性循环的两个主要因素。聚丙烯酰胺 (PAM ,Polyacrylamide)对土壤的性质有着明显的改进作用 ,PAM具有良好的黏结力 ,能有效改良土壤的表层结构 ,提高土壤的稳定性 ,增加土壤的入渗率 ,减少土壤侵蚀。本文试图通过人工降雨模拟实验 ,获得不同的PAM的使用量及覆盖率与土壤侵蚀量在不同的雨强、不同的坡度条件下的关系。实验表明 ,经PAM处理后土壤的入渗性能和抗侵蚀的性能都有所提高 ,PAM能明显地黏结着土壤表面的颗粒 ,形成大的团聚体 ,阻碍土壤结皮的形成 ,减少土壤侵蚀。     

Desiccation and cracking behaviour of clay layer from slurry state under wetting-drying cycles

Laboratory tests were conducted to investigate the effect of wetting-drying (W-D) cycles on the initiation and evolution of cracks in clay layer. Four identical slurry specimens were prepared and subjected to five subsequent W-D cycles. The water evaporation, surface cracks evolution and structure evolution during the W-D cycles were monitored. The effect of W-D cycles on the geometric characteristics of crack patterns was analyzed by image processing. The results show that the desiccation and cracking behaviour was significantly affected by the applied W-D cycles: the measured cracking water content θ_c, surface crack ratio R_sc and final thickness h_f of the specimen increased significantly in the first three W-D cycles and then tended to reach equilibrium; the formed crack patterns after the second W-D cycle were more irregular than that after the first W-D cycle; the increase of surface cracks was accompanied by the decrease of pore volume shrinkage during drying. In addition, it was found that the applied W-D cycles resulted in significant rearrangement of specimen structure: the initially homogeneous and non-aggregated structure was converted to a clear aggregated-structure with obvious inter-aggregate pores after the second W-D cycle; the specimen volume generally increased with increasing cycles due to the aggregation and increased porosity. The image analysis results show that the geometric characteristics of crack pattern were significantly influenced by the W-D cycles, but this influence was reduced after the third cycle. This is consistent with the observations over the experiment, and indicates that the image processing can be used for quantitatively analyzing the W-D cycle dependence of clay desiccation cracking behaviour.     

Effect of acid rain on sandstone: The Royal Palace and the Riddarholm church,Stockholm

The deterioration of two kinds of sandstone is discussed for two 18:th century buildings in central Stockholm: the Royal Palace, and the Royal Carolean Burial Chapel (Karolinska gravkoret) annexed to the mediaeval Riddarholm church. The facades of calcitic Gotland sandstone show many signs of serious decay, such as gypsum formation, pulverized surface, exfoliation, discolouration, and salt efflorescence. The socles are built of the more resistant quartzitic Roslagen sandstone, displaying some discolouration, cracks, and slight exfoliation. In total about 300 samples have been analysed. The surface concentration of sulphur is highest at ground level and at rain-sheltered positions. Chemical and sulphur isotope data indicate that the stone decay to a large part may be attributed to anthropogenic sources like acid deposition and car traffic.     

Prognosis of Methane Formation by River Sediments (9 pp)

Background   Under anoxic conditions typically prevailing in disposal sites for dredged sediment, methanogenesis is the terminal step during microbial degradation of sediment organic matter. Sediment gas production may pose several problems to site management and post-closure utilisation. Depending on the magnitude of gas/methane formation and the intended utilisation of the site, countermeasures will have to be effected during and after deposition of the dredged material. For this purpose it may be of interest to pre-estimate the extent of gas formation from simple sediment variables. Therefore, the aim of the investigations presented here was to analyse the interrelations between gas formation and sediment physical, chemical and biological qualities. Methods   Freshly sampled riverbed sediment from nine German federal waterways was analysed for standard solid physical and chemical parameters, pore water composition, cell counts of methanogenic and sulfate-reducing bacteria, and gas formation over a period of 500 days. Particle size and density fractionation were carried out in order to characterise organic matter quality. Correlations between methane formation and sediment chemical, physical and microbiological characteristics were tested using linear and multiple correlation analysis. Results and Discussion   The selected sediments, including two with marine influence, differed strongly regarding texture, chemical parameters, pore water composition, and methanogen cell counts. The course of methane formation was found to follow distinct phases. The commencement of methane formation was preceded by a lag phase of variable duration. The lag phase was followed by a strong increase of the methane formation rate up to a sediment-characteristic maximum of 5–30 nmol CH4 h–1 g dw–1. Eventually, the rate of methane formation decreased and reached a more stable, long-term level. The extent and amplitude of each phase varied strongly between sediments and could be correlated well with only a few standard analytical parameters, despite the strong heterogeneity of sediment with respect to chemical, physical, and biological characteristics. Lag phase duration depended strongly on the content of inorganic electron acceptors and also on the number of methanogens present at the beginning of the experiment. Maximum and steady state methanogenesis were mainly determined by sediment total nitrogen. As analysis of sediment density fractions revealed that total nitrogen reflected the share of readily degradable macroorganic matter. Conclusion and Outlook   The results imply that the observed methane formation is a function of the temporally changing balance of the availability of electron acceptors and H2, and the share of easily degradable organic matter. For fresh riverbed sediments, the latter may be deduced from total nitrogen content. Overall, the results showed that methane formation by freshly dredged material may well be pre-estimated from standard analytical data within the first few years of deposition. However, the differently degradable organic matter pools will change over time with respect to size, chemical nature and association with the sediment mineral phase. It can thus be expected that the correlations found in this study will not be readily transferable to older materials. Further studies on the gas formation and organic matter quality by older sediments, e.g. from older dredged material disposal sites of known age, should be conducted and results should be combined with existing organic matter degradation models in order to improve the prediction of sediment gas formation over time.     

Influence of liquid cattle manure on reduction processes in soil

Summary Reduction processes in cultivated soil during the decomposition of liquid cattle manure were studied in laboratory experiments. Anoxic slurries of soil and manure in different proportions or alone were followed over 5 weeks. Upon NO _inf3 ^sup- depletion, ferrous Fe appeared in solution in soil-manure slurries. Sulfide levels were generally low in the presence of both soil and manure, probably because of precipitation by Fe²⁺; Fe thereby counteracted the production of free hydrogen sulfide. Methane formation was the quantitatively most important electron sink under prolonged anoxic conditions. When extra sulfate was added to soil-manure slurries, the concentration of Fe²⁺ remained low and less methane was produced. The detection of Fe²⁺ was examined in a model system with a gel-stabilized soil-manure mixture sandwiched between two soil phases with a water content near field capacity. Large methodological problems made it impossible to quantify Fe²⁺ in this oxic-anoxic environment, but the results indicated that reducing conditions were maintained in the manure-saturated zone for the 20-day period of this experiment.     

再生稻产量形成的生理生态特性与关键栽培技术的研究与展望

本文介绍了目前我国再生稻的发展现状,从发育遗传和生理生态角度综述了近年来再生稻产量形成的研究进展,提出采用人工收割高留桩栽培再生稻时,选择头季分蘖力相对较弱、再生季再生力强的重穗型杂交籼稻品种(组合)易获高产;而采用机械化收割低留桩栽培再生稻时,选择具强低位芽再生力的杂交籼稻品种或感光性弱的重穗型杂交粳稻品种(组合)、籼粳交水稻品种(组合)易获高产。头季成熟期至再生季齐穗期根系活力的强弱,直接影响再生季产量的高低,再生季稻高产的前提是健壮的头季根系和一定数量新生根系的有效结合,这有利于促进腋芽的萌发成苗、增加每平方米穗数,是再生稻高产增产的关键。在此基础上,提出适时早播、畦栽沟灌、二次烤田、重施促芽肥、适高留桩的人工收割高留桩再生稻栽培技术,并从品种选择、再生季施肥、留桩高度等方面探讨了机械化收割低留桩蓄留再生稻的关键栽培技术及生理生态机制。最后提出了我国再生稻发展亟待解决的几个问题,认为当前轻简化的机收低留桩再生稻是我国再生稻发展的方向,并对机收低留桩再生稻的进一步研究作了展望。     

不同CO2浓度对玉米秸秆分解期间土壤腐殖质形成的影响

以往人们较多的研究了土壤有机碳与温室气体的源、汇关系问题,却很少研究温室气体对土壤有机碳本身分解转化和各组分性质的影响。为了探讨CO2浓度升高对腐殖物质形成转化的作用,本文通过室内人为高浓度CO2的培养试验,用腐殖质组成修改法研究了玉米秸秆分解期间（1~180d）土壤总有机碳（TOC）、水溶性物质（WSS）、碱提取腐殖物质（HE）、胡敏酸（HA）和胡敏素（HM）数量的动态变化规律及不同CO2浓度对有机碳各组分形成与转化的影响。结果表明：玉米秸秆分解期间,“新形成”的净TOC逐渐降低,净HE表现为先增加而后下降的趋势,HM的绝对数量逐渐下降。可提取腐殖物质中HA的比例（PQ）先增加后下降,最终趋于平稳,说明最初富里酸（FA）的形成速度大于HA,随培养时间的延长,FA和HA经历了一段相互转化的过程,最终达到动态平衡。30%CO2浓度（V/V）处理的TOC、WSS、HE和HM数量明显高于3%CO2浓度处理和正常CO2浓度（0.0375%）处理,其中WSS和HM反应更为敏感。但3%CO2浓度处理与正常CO2浓度处理的差异不明显。可提取腐殖物质的PQ的顺序是30%CO2浓度处理〉3%CO2浓度处理〉正常CO2浓度处理,说明CO2浓度增加更有利于FA而不利于HA的形成和稳定。